Table of Content

1 Servers Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Servers
1.2 Servers Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Servers Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2021 VS 2027
1.2.2 X86 Servers
1.2.3 Non-X86 Servers
1.3 Servers Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Servers Consumption Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.3.2 Internet
1.3.3 Government
1.3.4 Telecommunications
1.3.5 Financial
1.3.6 Manufacture
1.3.7 Traffic
1.3.8 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Servers Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Servers Production Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5 Global Market Size by Region
1.5.1 Global Servers Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.5.2 North America Servers Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.3 Europe Servers Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.4 China Servers Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 Japan Servers Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.6 China Taiwan Servers Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.7 Southeast Asia Servers Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)

2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Servers Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Servers Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Servers Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Servers Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.5 Manufacturers Servers Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Servers Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Servers Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Servers Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Production and Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production of Servers Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Servers Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.3 Global Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.4 North America Servers Production
3.4.1 North America Servers Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.4.2 North America Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.5 Europe Servers Production
3.5.1 Europe Servers Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.5.2 Europe Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.6 China Servers Production
3.6.1 China Servers Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.6.2 China Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.7 Japan Servers Production
3.7.1 Japan Servers Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.7.2 Japan Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.8 China Taiwan Servers Production
3.8.1 China Taiwan Servers Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.8.2 China Taiwan Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.9 Southeast Asia Servers Production
3.9.1 Southeast Asia Servers Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.9.2 Southeast Asia Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)

4 Global Servers Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Servers Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Servers Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Servers Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Servers Consumption by Country
4.2.2 United States
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Servers Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Servers Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Servers Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil

5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Servers Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Servers Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Servers Price by Type (2016-2021)

6 Consumption Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Servers Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
6.2 Global Servers Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)

7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 DELL
7.1.1 DELL Servers Corporation Information
7.1.2 DELL Servers Product Portfolio
7.1.3 DELL Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.1.4 DELL Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 DELL Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 HP
7.2.1 HP Servers Corporation Information
7.2.2 HP Servers Product Portfolio
7.2.3 HP Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.2.4 HP Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 HP Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Inspur
7.3.1 Inspur Servers Corporation Information
7.3.2 Inspur Servers Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Inspur Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.3.4 Inspur Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Inspur Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 IBM
7.4.1 IBM Servers Corporation Information
7.4.2 IBM Servers Product Portfolio
7.4.3 IBM Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.4.4 IBM Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 IBM Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Lenovo
7.5.1 Lenovo Servers Corporation Information
7.5.2 Lenovo Servers Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Lenovo Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.5.4 Lenovo Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Lenovo Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 CISCO
7.6.1 CISCO Servers Corporation Information
7.6.2 CISCO Servers Product Portfolio
7.6.3 CISCO Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.6.4 CISCO Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 CISCO Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 HUAWEI
7.7.1 HUAWEI Servers Corporation Information
7.7.2 HUAWEI Servers Product Portfolio
7.7.3 HUAWEI Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.7.4 HUAWEI Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 HUAWEI Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 H3C
7.8.1 H3C Servers Corporation Information
7.8.2 H3C Servers Product Portfolio
7.8.3 H3C Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.8.4 H3C Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 H3C Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 SuperMicro
7.9.1 SuperMicro Servers Corporation Information
7.9.2 SuperMicro Servers Product Portfolio
7.9.3 SuperMicro Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.9.4 SuperMicro Main Business and Markets Served
7.9.5 SuperMicro Recent Developments/Updates
7.10 Fujitsu
7.10.1 Fujitsu Servers Corporation Information
7.10.2 Fujitsu Servers Product Portfolio
7.10.3 Fujitsu Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.10.4 Fujitsu Main Business and Markets Served
7.10.5 Fujitsu Recent Developments/Updates
7.11 Sugon
7.11.1 Sugon Servers Corporation Information
7.11.2 Sugon Servers Product Portfolio
7.11.3 Sugon Servers Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.11.4 Sugon Main Business and Markets Served
7.11.5 Sugon Recent Developments/Updates

8 Servers Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Servers Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Servers
8.4 Servers Industrial Chain Analysis

9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Servers Distributors List
9.3 Servers Customers

10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Servers Industry Trends
10.2 Servers Growth Drivers
10.3 Servers Market Challenges
10.4 Servers Market Restraints

11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Servers by Region (2022-2027)
11.2 North America Servers Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.3 Europe Servers Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.4 China Servers Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.5 Japan Servers Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.6 China Taiwan Servers Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.7 Southeast Asia Servers Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)

12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Servers
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Servers by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Servers by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Servers by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Servers by Country

13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2022-2027)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Servers by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Servers by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Servers by Type (2022-2027)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Servers by Application (2022-2027)

14 Research Finding and Conclusion

15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer

List of Figure

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Servers Market Size by Type (K Units) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
Table 2. Global Servers Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 3. Servers Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 4. Global Servers Production (K Units) by Manufacturers
Table 5. Global Servers Production (K Units) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Servers Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Servers Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Servers Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Servers as of 2020)
Table 10. Global Market Servers Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 11. Manufacturers Servers Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Servers Product Types
Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 14. Global Servers Production (K Units) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 15. Global Servers Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 16. Global Servers Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 18. North America Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 19. Europe Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 20. China Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 21. Japan Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 22. China Taiwan Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 23. Southeast Asia Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 24. Global Servers Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 25. Global Servers Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 26. North America Servers Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 27. Europe Servers Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 28. Asia Pacific Servers Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 29. Latin America Servers Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 30. Global Servers Production (K Units) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 31. Global Servers Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 32. Global Servers Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 33. Global Servers Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 34. Global Servers Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 35. Global Servers Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 36. Global Servers Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 37. Global Servers Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Table 38. DELL Servers Corporation Information
Table 39. DELL Specification and Application
Table 40. DELL Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 41. DELL Main Business and Markets Served
Table 42. DELL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 43. HP Servers Corporation Information
Table 44. HP Specification and Application
Table 45. HP Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 46. HP Main Business and Markets Served
Table 47. HP Recent Developments/Updates
Table 48. Inspur Servers Corporation Information
Table 49. Inspur Specification and Application
Table 50. Inspur Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 51. Inspur Main Business and Markets Served
Table 52. Inspur Recent Developments/Updates
Table 53. IBM Servers Corporation Information
Table 54. IBM Specification and Application
Table 55. IBM Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 56. IBM Main Business and Markets Served
Table 57. IBM Recent Developments/Updates
Table 58. Lenovo Servers Corporation Information
Table 59. Lenovo Specification and Application
Table 60. Lenovo Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 61. Lenovo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 62. Lenovo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 63. CISCO Servers Corporation Information
Table 64. CISCO Specification and Application
Table 65. CISCO Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 66. CISCO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 67. CISCO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 68. HUAWEI Servers Corporation Information
Table 69. HUAWEI Specification and Application
Table 70. HUAWEI Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 71. HUAWEI Main Business and Markets Served
Table 72. HUAWEI Recent Developments/Updates
Table 73. H3C Servers Corporation Information
Table 74. H3C Specification and Application
Table 75. H3C Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 76. H3C Main Business and Markets Served
Table 77. H3C Recent Developments/Updates
Table 78. SuperMicro Servers Corporation Information
Table 79. SuperMicro Specification and Application
Table 80. SuperMicro Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 81. SuperMicro Main Business and Markets Served
Table 82. SuperMicro Recent Developments/Updates
Table 83. Fujitsu Servers Corporation Information
Table 84. Fujitsu Specification and Application
Table 85. Fujitsu Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 86. Fujitsu Main Business and Markets Served
Table 87. Fujitsu Recent Developments/Updates
Table 88. Sugon Servers Corporation Information
Table 89. Sugon Specification and Application
Table 90. Sugon Servers Production (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 91. Sugon Main Business and Markets Served
Table 92. Sugon Recent Developments/Updates
Table 93. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 94. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 95. Servers Distributors List
Table 96. Servers Customers List
Table 97. Servers Market Trends
Table 98. Servers Growth Drivers
Table 99. Servers Market Challenges
Table 100. Servers Market Restraints
Table 101. Global Servers Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 102. North America Servers Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 103. Europe Servers Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 104. Asia Pacific Servers Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 105. Latin America Servers Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 106. Global Servers Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 107. Global Servers Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 108. Global Servers Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$/Unit)
Table 109. Global Servers Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 110. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 111. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 112. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Servers
Figure 2. Global Servers Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 3. X86 Servers Product Picture
Figure 4. Non-X86 Servers Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Servers Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 6. Internet
Figure 7. Government
Figure 8. Telecommunications
Figure 9. Financial
Figure 10. Manufacture
Figure 11. Traffic
Figure 12. Others
Figure 13. Global Servers Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 14. Global Servers Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
Figure 15. Global Servers Production (K Units) & (2016-2027)
Figure 16. North America Servers Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 17. Europe Servers Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 18. China Servers Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 19. Japan Servers Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 20. China Taiwan Servers Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 21. Southeast Asia Servers Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 22. Servers Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 23. Global Servers Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 24. Servers Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
Figure 25. Global Market Servers Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 26. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Servers Revenue in 2020
Figure 27. Global Servers Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 28. North America Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 29. Europe Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 30. China Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 31. Japan Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 32. China Taiwan Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 33. Southeast Asia Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 34. Global Servers Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 35. Global Servers Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 36. North America Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 37. North America Servers Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 38. Canada Servers Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 39. U.S. Servers Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Europe Servers Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Europe Servers Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 42. Germany America Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 43. France Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 44. U.K. Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 45. Italy Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Russia Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Asia Pacific Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 48. Asia Pacific Servers Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure 49. China Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Japan Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 51. South Korea Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Taiwan Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Southeast Asia Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 54. India Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Australia Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 56. Latin America Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Latin America Servers Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 58. Mexico Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 59. Brazil Servers Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Figure 60. Production Market Share of Servers by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 61. Production Market Share of Servers by Type in 2020
Figure 62. Revenue Share of Servers by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 63. Revenue Market Share of Servers by Type in 2020
Figure 64. Global Servers Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 65. Global Servers Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 66. Global Servers Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 67. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
Figure 68. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Servers
Figure 69. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Servers
Figure 70. Servers Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 71. Channels of Distribution
Figure 72. Distributors Profiles
Figure 73. Global Servers Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Figure 74. North America Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 75. Europe Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 76. China Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 77. Japan Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 78. China Taiwan Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 79. Southeast Asia Servers Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 80. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Servers (2015-2027) & (K Units)
Figure 81. Global Servers Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 82. Global Servers Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 83. Global Servers Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Figure 84. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 85. Data Triangulation